Effect of Shear Work Input on Steady Shear Rheology and Melt Functionality of Model Mozzarella Cheeses

Model Mozzarella cheeses with varied amounts of shear work input were prepared by working molten cheese mass at 70 °C in a twin screw cooker. Rheology and melt functionality were found to be strongly dependent on total shear work input. A non-linear increase in consistency coefficient (K from power law model) and apparent viscosity and decrease in flow behaviour index (n from power law model) were observed with increasing amounts of accumulated shear work, indicating work thickening behaviour. An exponential work thickening equation is proposed to describe this behaviour. Excessively worked cheese samples exhibited liquid exudation, poor melting and poor stretch. Nonfat cheese exhibited similar but smaller changes after excessive shear work input. We concluded that the dominant contributor to the changes in properties with increased shear work was shear induced structural changes to the protein matrix. A good correlation was found between the steady shear rheological properties and the melting properties of the cheeses

Tinnitus:Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Tinnitus is a common and heterogeneous condition, characterised by experiencing sound in the absence of an external source. Various treatment options are available in the Netherlands for patients with tinnitus, but these have limited support from methodologically sound studies. Diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus demands a standardized and multidisciplinary approach. Ideally, there should be a stepwise approach to diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus, with a gradual increase in intensity of treatment. This increase should depend upon the patient's requirements and degree of distress. Current scientific evidence suggests that intensive treatment of tinnitus based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is indicated for patients with severe tinnitus.</p

Evaluation of the SAMEO-ATO surgical classification in a Dutch cohort

Purpose: Differences in the definition and classification of cholesteatoma hinders comparing of surgical outcomes of cholesteatoma. Uniform registration is necessary to allow investigators to share and compare their findings. For many years surgical cholesteatoma procedures were divided into two main groups: canal wall up mastoidectomy (CWU) and canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWD). Recently, mastoid obliteration can be added to both procedures. Because of great variation within these main groups, the International Otology Outcome Group (IOOG) proposed the new SAMEO-ATO classification system to categorize tympanomastoid operations. The aim of our study was to correlate the mastoid bone extirpation (M-stage) with the contemporary (CWU, CWD with or without obliteration) system. Methods: Demographic characteristics and type of performed surgery were registered for 135 cholesteatoma patients from sixteen hospitals, both secondary and tertiary care institutions, across the Netherlands. In addition, the surgical reports were collected, retrospectively classified according to the contemporary system and the new system and compared. Correlations of the outcomes were calculated. Results: In total, there were 112 CWU and 14 CWD (both with or without obliteration) suitable for correlation analysis. Z test for correlation between the M-stage and CWU procedure was significant for M1a and M1b procedure and significant for M2c with the CWD procedure. Conclusion: The newly proposed SAMEO-ATO classification seems to be more detailed in the registration of surgical procedures than surgeons currently are used to. All M-stages of the SAMEO-ATO system are correlating well to the standard CWU and CWD except one ‘in between’ M-stage

Long Beach Earthquake and Protection Against Future Earthquakes -- Summary of Report by Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection, Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Chairman

To the Public of the Pacific Southwest: In response to official requests from many representative technical and civic organizations, the Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection was organized after the earthquake of March 10, 1933 to consider ways and means of minimizing loss of life and property damage in the event of another earthquake of equal or greater intensity. We now present to you, in the form of this summarized report, our belief as to the seismic hazard in this region and our opinion as to the proper balance between the degree of protection to be afforded life and property and the cost of providing such protection. We sincerely hope that the lessons of the Long Beach earthquake will not be forgotten as were the lessons which should have been fixed indelibly in the minds of all by the earthquakes of the past. Joint Technical Committee on Earthquake Protection. Robert A. Millikan, Chairman. June 7-1933

Tinnitus: Pathofysiologie, diagnostiek en behandeling

Tinnitus is a common and heterogeneous condition, characterised by experiencing sound in the absence of an external source. Various treatment options are available in the Netherlands for patients with tinnitus, but these have limited support from methodologically sound studies. Diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus demands a standardized and multidisciplinary approach. Ideally, there should be a stepwise approach to diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus, with a gradual increase in intensity of treatment. This increase should depend upon the patient's requirements and degree of distress. Current scientific evidence suggests that intensive treatment of tinnitus based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is indicated for patients with severe tinnitus

Evaluation of the SAMEO-ATO surgical classification in a Dutch cohort

Purpose: Differences in the definition and classification of cholesteatoma hinders comparing of surgical outcomes of cholesteatoma. Uniform registration is necessary to allow investigators to share and compare their findings. For many years surgical cholesteatoma procedures were divided into two main groups: canal wall up mastoidectomy (CWU) and canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWD). Recently, mastoid obliteration can be added to both procedures. Because of great variation within these main groups, the International Otology Outcome Group (IOOG) proposed the new SAMEO-ATO classification system to categorize tympanomastoid operations. The aim of our study was to correlate the mastoid bone extirpation (M-stage) with the contemporary (CWU, CWD with or without obliteration) system. Methods: Demographic characteristics and type of performed surgery were registered for 135 cholesteatoma patients from sixteen hospitals, both secondary and tertiary care institutions, across the Netherlands. In addition, the surgical reports were collected, retrospectively classified according to the contemporary system and the new system and compared. Correlations of the outcomes were calculated. Results: In total, there were 112 CWU and 14 CWD (both with or without obliteration) suitable for correlation analysis. Z test for correlation between the M-stage and CWU procedure was significant for M1a and M1b procedure and significant for M2c with the CWD procedure. Conclusion: The newly proposed SAMEO-ATO classification seems to be more detailed in the registration of surgical procedures than surgeons currently are used to. All M-stages of the SAMEO-ATO system are correlating well to the standard CWU and CWD except one ‘in between’ M-stage